<i>In Vivo</i> Glutamate Sensing inside the Mouse Brain with Perovskite Nickelate–Nafion Heterostructures
Yifei Sun, Tran N. H. Nguyen, Adam K. Anderson, Xi Cheng, Thomas E. Gage, Jongcheon Lim, Zhan Zhang, Hua Zhou, Fanny Rodolakis, Zhen Zhang, Ilke Arslan, Shriram Ramanathan, Hyowon Lee, Alexander A. Chubykin
Abstract
Glutamate, one of the main neurotransmitters in the brain, plays a critical role in communication between neurons, neuronal development, and various neurological disorders. Extracellular measurement of neurotransmitters such as glutamate in the brain is important for understanding these processes and developing a new generation of brain–machine interfaces. Here, we demonstrate the use of a perovskite nickelate–Nafion heterostructure as a promising glutamate sensor with a low detection limit of 16 nM and a response time of 1.2 s via amperometric sensing. We have designed and successfully tested novel perovskite nickelate–Nafion electrodes for recording of glutamate release ex vivo in electrically stimulated brain slices and in vivo from the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake mice exposed to visual stimuli. These results demonstrate the potential of perovskite nickelates as sensing media for brain–machine interfaces.