Blockchain in Supply Chain Transparency: A Conceptual Framework for Real-Time Data Tracking and Reporting Using Blockchain and AI
Julius Olatunde Omisola, Damodar Bihani, Andrew Ifesinachi Daraojimb, Grace Omotunde Osho, Bright Chibunna Ubamadu, Emmanuel Augustine Etukudoh
Abstract
In today's complex global economy, ensuring transparency and traceability across supply chains has become a top priority for businesses, regulators, and consumers. Traditional supply chain management systems often suffer from data silos, manual errors, and delayed reporting, which compromise efficiency and accountability. This study proposes a conceptual framework for real-time data tracking and reporting using Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to revolutionize supply chain transparency. The integration of Blockchain ensures immutable, decentralized, and tamper-proof data recording, while AI enables intelligent data analytics, anomaly detection, and predictive insights throughout the supply chain lifecycle. The framework is designed to enhance end-to-end visibility, improve trust among stakeholders, and optimize decision-making processes through continuous data synchronization and smart contracts. Key components of the framework include decentralized ledger infrastructure, AI-driven data processing engines, Internet of Things (IoT) sensor integration for real-time monitoring, and secure APIs for multi-stakeholder access. By combining these technologies, the framework facilitates seamless data flow across manufacturing, warehousing, transportation, and retail segments. Moreover, it enables real-time auditing, reduces the risk of fraud, and enhances compliance with environmental and ethical standards. Case studies in the pharmaceutical, food, and electronics industries highlight the applicability and scalability of the proposed model. The paper also addresses implementation challenges such as interoperability, data privacy, and the need for regulatory alignment. The conceptual model advocates for cross-industry collaboration and the standardization of digital supply chain practices through open-source protocols and blockchain consortiums. This framework contributes to academic and practical discourse by offering a transformative roadmap for supply chain digitization using emerging technologies. It underscores the potential of AI-enhanced blockchain solutions in ensuring transparency, boosting operational efficiency, and empowering consumers with verifiable product provenance data. The research concludes that adopting this model can significantly improve global supply chain resilience and accountability in an increasingly interconnected marketplace.