Depicting the Chemical Diversity of Bioactive Meroterpenoids Produced by the Largest Organism on Earth
Sebastian Pfütze, Esteban Charria‐Girón, Esther Schulzke, Rita Toshe, Artit Khonsanit, Raimo Franke, Frank Surup, Mark Brönstrup, Marc Stadler
Abstract
Abstract In this investigation, we explored the diversity of melleolide‐type meroterpenoids produced by Armillaria ostoyae , one of the largest and oldest organisms on Earth, using extracts from liquid and solid fermentation media. The study unveiled three unprecedented dimeric bismelleolides and three novel fatty‐acid‐substituted congeners, along with 11 new and 21 known derivatives. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRESI‐MS, and ROESY spectral analysis for relative configurations. Absolute configurations were determined from crystal structures and through ECD spectra comparison. A compound library of melleolide‐type meroterpenoids facilitated metabolomics‐wide associations, revealing production patterns under different culture conditions. The library enabled assessments of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, revealing that the Δ 2,4 double bond is not crucial for antifungal activity. Cytotoxicity was linked to the presence of an aldehyde at C1, but lost with hydroxylation at C13. Chemoinformatic analyses demonstrated the intricate interplay of chemical modifications on biological properties. This study marks the first systematic exploration of Armillaria spp. meroterpenoid diversity by MS‐based untargeted metabolomics, offering insight into structure–activity relationships through innovative chemoinformatics.