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An Operant Conditioning Model Combined with a Chemogenetic Approach to Study the Neurobiology of Food Addiction in Mice

Elena Martín‐García, Laura Domingo‐Rodriguez, Rafaël Maldonado

2020BIO-PROTOCOL10 citationsDOIOpen Access PDF

Abstract

The study of food addiction comprises 3 hallmarks that include the persistence to response without an outcome, the strong motivation for palatable food, and the loss of inhibitory control over food intake that leads to compulsive behavior in addicted individuals. The complex multifactorial nature of this disorder and the unknown neurobiological mechanistic correlation explains the lack of effective treatments. Our operant conditioning model allows deciphering why some individuals are vulnerable and develop food addiction while others are resilient and do not. It is a translational approach since it is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) and the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0). This model allows to evaluate the addiction criteria in 2 time-points at an early and a late period by grouping them into 1) persistence to response during a period of non-availability of food, 2) motivation for food with a progressive ratio, and 3) compulsivity when the reward is associated with a punishment such as an electric foot-shock. The advantage of this model is that it allows us to measure 4 phenotypic traits suggested as predisposing factors related to vulnerability to addiction. Also, it is possible to evaluate the long food addiction mouse model with mice genetically modified. Importantly, the novelty of this protocol is the adaptation of this food addiction model to a short protocol to evaluate genetic manipulations targeting specific brain circuitries by using a chemogenetic approach that could promote the rapid development of this addictive behavior. These adaptations lead to a short food addiction mouse protocol, in which mice follow the same behavioral procedure of the early period in the long food addiction protocol with some variations due to the surgical viral vector injection. To our knowledge, there is no paradigm in mice allowing us to study the combination of such a robust behavioral approach that allows uncovering the neurobiology of food addiction at the brain circuit level. We can study using this protocol if modifying the excitability of a specific brain network confers resilience or vulnerability to developing food addiction. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms is expected to help to find novel and efficient interventions to battle food addiction., [摘要]对食物成瘾的研究包括3个标志,包括对反应的坚持 没有结果,就很难获得可口食物的动力,失去对食物摄入的抑制性控制会导致成瘾者的强迫行为。这种疾病的复杂的多因素性质和未知的神经生物学机制相关性解释了缺乏有效的治疗方法。我们的操作员条件模型可以解释为什么有些人容易受到伤害并发展成瘾,而另一些人却坚强不屈。由于它基于《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》第5版(DSM-5)和耶鲁大学食物成瘾量表(YFAS 2.0),因此是一种翻译方法。该模型可以通过将其分为以下两种情况来评估成瘾标准:在两个时间点上的早期和晚期:1)在没有食物的时期内对反应的持续性; 2)以渐进的比例寻找食物的动机;以及3)当奖励与诸如电击脚之类的惩罚相关联时的强迫性。该模型的优势在于,它允许我们测量4个表型性状,这些性状是与成瘾易感性相关的诱发因素。同样,可以用转基因小鼠评估长期食物成瘾小鼠模型。重要的是,该协议的新颖性在于使该食物成瘾模型适应于一种简短协议,以通过使用能够促进这种成瘾行为迅速发展的化学生成方法来评估针对特定大脑回路的基因操作。这些适应导致了短食物成瘾小鼠方案,其中小鼠遵循长食物成瘾方案中早期的相同行为程序,但由于手术病毒载体注射而有所不同。据我们所知,小鼠中没有范式可以让我们研究这种健壮的行为方法的组合,这种方法可以在大脑回路层面揭示食物成瘾的神经生物学。我们可以研究使用此协议,如果修改特定大脑网络的兴奋性赋予韧性或易感性。理解这些神经生物学机制有望帮助找到新颖有效的干预措施来对抗食物成瘾。[背景]在过去的几年中,由于全球成瘾率的提高(19.9%),食物成瘾引起了人们的关注,目前对个人和社会造成了沉重的负担,而没有任何有效的治疗方法(Pursey等,2014)。当前的诊断由最近验证的工具耶鲁食品成瘾量表2.0(YFAS 2.0)执行。该仪器基于第五版《精神疾病统计手册》(DSM-5)中针对物质使用障碍的标准,同时考虑到越来越多的证据表明食物成瘾与药物成瘾具有相同的神经生物学底物(Lindgren等人。,2017) 。食物成瘾是由多种基因网络和影响大脑发育和功能的多种环境因素之间的动态相互作用导致的复杂的多因素脑部疾病,导致人群之间的个体差异(Hamer,2002; Nestler等,2015)。由于这个原因,并不是所有的人都会上瘾,极端的亚群可以通过上瘾和不上瘾的表型来区分(Piazza和Deroche-Gamonet,2013)。相反,尽管参与成瘾过程的众所周知的常见大脑区域包括基底神经节,延伸杏仁核和前额叶皮层,但仍不清楚这两种表型的确切神经生物学机制(Koob和Volkow,2016年; Moore等人,201 7 )。目前的方案改进了先前的研究,因为它包含了一个简短的方案,用于评估对食物成瘾发展有预期的转基因小鼠的食物成瘾表型。在该协议中,通过测量在不同时间点的强迫性,动机和持续性,揭示了表征成瘾的对食物摄入失去控制的发展。与其他操作模型相比,这具有测量其他表型特征的优势,例如冲动性,认知灵活性,竞争性联想学习和厌恶条件。这些特征是食物成瘾发展的潜在预测因子。在这项研究中,主要目的是描述一种可复制的方案,该方案允许破译涉及有弹性和脆弱表型的神经生物学机制以发展食物成瘾。为了解决这个主要问题,我们描述了一种具有可靠行为方法的协议,该协议可以适用于将病毒载体方法与化学发生学操作相结合。这些发现将有助于设计新的策略,以通过增强对暴露于不健康环境条件下的个体的抑制控制来集中力量预防向食物成瘾的过渡。

Topics & Concepts

Operant conditioningAddictionNeurosciencePsychologyConditioningPsychotherapistReinforcementSocial psychologyStatisticsMathematicsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchBiochemical effects in animals