A hidden problem: peripheral artery disease in women
Mary M. Kavurma, Lauren Boccanfuso, Carina Cutmore, Freda Passam, Sanjay Patel, Annemarie Hennessy, Jacky Loa, Gemma A. Figtree, Jonathan Golledge, David Robinson, Sarah Aitken
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) has a huge social and economic burden and is an important contributor to the global health burden. Sex differences in PAD are apparent, with recent data suggesting equal if not greater prevalence in women, and women having worse clinical outcomes. Why this occurs is not clear. To identify underlying reasons for gender inequalities in PAD, we executed a deeper exploration through a social constructive perspective. A scoping review was conducted using the World Health Organization model for analysis of gender-related needs in healthcare. Complex interacting factors, including biological, clinical, and societal variables, were reviewed to highlight gender-related inequities in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of PAD. Current gaps in knowledge were identified and insights into future directions aimed at improving these inequalities were discussed. Our findings highlight the multi-level complexities that need to be considered for strategies to improve gender-related needs in PAD healthcare.