PPARα/γ-Targeting Amorfrutin Phytocannabinoids from Aerial Parts of <i>Glycyrrhiza foetida</i>
Elena Serino, Fabio Arturo Iannotti, Hekmat B. Al-Hmadi, Diego Caprioglio, Claudia Moriello, Francesca Masi, Saoussen Hammami, Giovanni Appendino, Rosa Maria Vitale, Orazio Taglialatela‐Scafati
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS-guided analysis of the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza foetida afforded new phenethyl (amorfrutin)- and alkyl (cannabis)-type phytocannabinoids (six and four compounds, respectively). The structural diversity of the new amorfrutins was complemented by the isolation of six known members and the synthesis of analogues modified on the aralkyl moiety. All of the compounds so obtained were assayed for agonist activity on PPARα and PPARγ nuclear receptors. Amorfrutin A ( 1 ) showed the highest agonist activity on PPARγ, amorfrutin H ( 7 ) selectively targeted PPARα, and amorfrutin E ( 4 ) behaved as a dual agonist, with the pentyl analogue of amorfrutin A ( 11 ) being inactive. Decarboxyamorfrutin A ( 2 ) was cytotoxic, and modifying its phenethyl moiety to a styryl or a phenylethynyl group retained this trait, suggesting an alternative biological scenario for these compounds. The putative binding modes of amorfrutins toward PPARα and PPARγ were obtained by a combined approach of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, which provided insights on the structure–activity relationships of this class of compounds.