The role of processing on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of apple derivatives
Marilisa Alongi, Umberto Lanza, Andrea Gorassini, Giancarlo Verardo, Clara Comuzzi, Monica Anese, Lara Manzocco, Maria Cristina Nicoli
Abstract
Fruit derivatives are commonly obtained by applying processing operations deemed responsible for the loss of phenol compounds, but very little information is available on the fate of phenols upon digestion of these products. The present study evaluated the effect of thermal and mechanical treatments, commonly applied to turn apple pulp into puree and homogenate, on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity. Despite a 20 % decrease in polyphenols due to processing, their bioaccessibility was higher in apple derivatives (>20 %) compared to pulp (∼2 %). Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), inactivated by thermal treatments in apple derivatives but not in the pulp, was hypothesized to be responsible for this difference. Results acquired on an unprocessed PPO-free apple model, only featuring quercetin-3-glucoside and pectin, actually exhibited similar bioaccessibility as processed derivatives. The radical scavenging capacity was unaffected by the structural integrity of apples, indicating independence from the plant tissue's hierarchical arrangement. After digestion, radical scavenging capacity decreased in the real apple matrices, correlating with phenolic content, while it was retained in the apple model, further suggesting the pivotal food matrix role in modulating polyphenols bioaccessibility and subsequent biological activity. Translating these results to an industrial scale, processing conditions can be optimized not only to guarantee that the quality requirements are met, but also to achieve desired nutritional benefits. • Processing apple pulp was associated with 20 % reduced polyphenols. • Bioaccessibility was greater in derivatives (∼20 %) compared with pulp (∼2 %). • Greater bioaccessibility in derivatives was attributed to PPO thermal inactivation. • Unprocessed PPO-free apple model had similar bioaccessibility to processed derivatives. • Radical scavenging capacity was correlated with phenolic content.