Vortioxetine as an analgesic in preclinical inflammatory pain models: Mechanism of action
Marija B. Todorović, Ana Micov, Katarina Nastić, Maja Tomić, Uroš Pecikoza, Milja Vuković, Radica Stepanović‐Petrović
Abstract
Abstract Vortioxetine is a novel atypical antidepressant with multimodal activity that has recently demonstrated efficacy against neuropathic pain. There is no published data about its analgesic properties in models characterized by peripheral inflammation and consequent pain pathway sensitization, nor data on its mechanism of antinociceptive action. This study aimed to investigate vortioxetine's antinociceptive/antihyperalgesic effects in trigeminal, visceral, and somatic inflammatory pain models, and provide evidence on its mechanism of action in the modulation of trigeminal nociception. Vortioxetine's effects on the nociceptive behavior in orofacial formalin test (OFT) and acetic acid‐writhing test in mice and on mechanical hyperalgesia in carrageenan‐induced paw inflammation in rats were examined following peroral single administration. The involvement of serotonergic/adrenergic/cholinergic/cannabinoid/adenosine receptors was evaluated in OFT by intraperitoneally treating mice with an appropriate antagonist immediately after vortioxetine application. We used antagonists of 5‐HT 1B/1D serotonergic (GR 127935), α 1 ‐adrenergic (prazosin), α 2 ‐adrenergic (yohimbine), β 1 ‐adrenergic (metoprolol), muscarinic (atropine), α 7 nicotinic (methyllycaconitine), CB 1 /CB 2 cannabinoid (AM251 and AM630), and adenosine A 1 (DPCPX) receptors. Vortioxetine dose‐dependently reduced pain behavior in OFT and acetic acid writhing test, as well as inflammatory hyperalgesia in paw pressure test. All examined antagonists except prazosin dose‐dependently inhibited vortioxetine's antinociceptive effects. In conclusion, vortioxetine exerted analgesic efficacy in trigeminal, visceral, and somatic inflammatory pain. The effect is at least in part mediated by 5‐HT 1B/1D serotonergic, α 2 /β 1 ‐adrenergic, muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic, CB 1 /CB 2 cannabinoid, and adenosine A 1 receptors. These findings contribute to better understanding of the analgesic effect of vortioxetine and suggest its potential usefulness for inflammatory pain treatment.