Bio-based nanomaterials for smart and sustainable nano-biosensing and therapeutics
Shweta J. Malode, Hanan Akhdar, Abdullah N. Alodhayb, Nagaraj P. Shetti
Abstract
Modern engineering instruments and biosensors are employed in several proficient fields, such as microbiology, healthcare, industrial process control, environmental tracking, military applications, and food quality control. Treatment methods for biomedical applications have emerged from the integration of drug delivery systems with biosensing platforms. Systems for medication delivery and biosensing have undergone significant advances following the discovery of nanotechnology and the modification of materials at the nanometre (nm) scale of 1–100 nm. This is driven by the unique features that these materials exhibit. Biological methods involving green nanotechnology, which combines engineering principles and green chemistry to generate reliable and environmentally friendly nanomaterials to combat issues affecting both human health and the environment, address conventional approaches to toxic chemicals and unsafe reaction circumstances. Green nanotechnology, designed for sustainability, offers various nanomaterials to be applied in new fields such as medicine, environmental protection, energy, and materials science. Bio-based materials have transformed medicine and analytical research by developing innovative and sustainable nano-biosensing technologies. With their exceptional biocompatibility, abundance, and carbonaceous nature, plant-derived and bio-based nanomaterials are ideal for potential cost-effective, green solutions in many industrial applications. This work proposes a converged perspective for nano-bioengineering and co-sustainable memories to invigorate research advancement and invention and boost future biosensing technologies. The self-fabrication of nanostructures is compatible with biological media and is one of the possible methods for biosensor applications. This review discusses the platforms that make the nanostructures beneficial for biosensing by surface functionalization. Herein, we will detail nanotechnology-enabled biosensors and their basic principles, fabrication materials, and potential applications.