Optical screening for presence of banned Sudan III and Sudan IV dyes in edible palm oils
Sampson Saj Andoh, Kenneth Nyave, Benjamin O. Asamoah, Boniphace Kanyathare, Tarmo Nuutinen, Cheetham Mingle, Kai-Erik Peiponen∥, M. Roussey
Abstract
Due to the proven carcinogenicity of Sudan III and IV dyes, they are considered global public health issues. They are banned in all forms as food colourants. We propose the monitoring of simple and easy-to-measure optical properties of palm oils, such as the refractive indices and spectrophotometric properties, as efficient indicators to detect adulteration. Coupling these results with principal component analysis, excess refractive index, and integration of transmittance introduces a novel detection tool for the authentication of edible palm oil. This opens a new opportunity for accurate handheld devices to detect adulteration and provide control in the field. This work assessed in total of 49 samples, some collected from different parts of Ghana and others, in-house adulterated samples. The Ghana Food and Drugs Authority, who performed a complex and expensive chemical analysis of the samples, confirmed our results with good agreement.