Electrochemical Disinfection of Simulated Ballast Water Using RuO2-TiO2/Ti Electrode
Sivasankar Annamalai, Cybelle M. Futalan, Yeonghee Ahn
Abstract
The present work investigated the treatment of ballast water via electrochemical disinfection using a RuO2-TiO2/Ti electrode. Batch tests were conducted with simulated ballast water containing Escherichia coli as an indicator organism. The effect of varying NaCl concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%; w/v) and current densities (0.3, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mA/cm2) on the inactivation of E. coli was examined. Results showed higher disinfection efficiency of E. coli was obtained at higher NaCl concentration and current density. Complete inactivation of E. coli was attained within 2 and 1 min at 0.3 and 1 mA/cm2, respectively, under 3% NaCl concentration. Meanwhile, complete disinfection at 1 and 2% NaCl concentrations was observed in 6 and 2 min, respectively, using a current density of 0.3 mA/cm2. The 100% inactivation of E. coli was achieved with an energy consumption in the range of 2.8 to 2.9 Wh/m3 under the NaCl concentrations at 1 mA/cm2 and 1 min of electrolysis time. The complete disinfection attained within 1 min meets the D-2 standard (<250 CFU E. coli/100 mL) of ballast water under the International Maritime Organization. The values of energy consumption of the present work are lower than previous reports on the inactivation of E. coli from simulated ballast water.