Single versus combination treatment in tinnitus: an international, multicentre, parallel-arm, superiority, randomised controlled trial
Stefan Schoisswohl, Laura Basso, Jorge Simões, Milena Engelke, Berthold Langguth, Birgit Mazurek, José A. López‐Escámez, Dimitrios Kikidis, Rilana Cima, Alberto Bernal-Robledano, Benjamin Boecking, Jan Bulla, Christopher R. Cederroth, Holger Crump, Sam Denys, Alba Escalera‐Balsera, Alvaro Gallego‐Martinez, Silvano Gallus, Hazel Goedhart, Leyre Hidalgo-Lopez, Carlotta Micaela Jarach, Hafez Kader, Michael Koller, Alessandra Lugo, Steven C. Marcrum, Nikos Markatos, Juan Martin-Lagos, Marta Martínez-Martínez, Nicolas Müller-Locatelli, Patrick Neff, Uli Niemann, Patricia Perez‐Carpena, Rüdiger Pryss, Clara Puga, Paula Robles-Bolívar, Matthias Rose, Martin Schecklmann, Tabea Schiele, Miro Schleicher, Johannes Schobel, Myra Spiliopoulou, Sabine Stark, Susanne Staudinger, A. Stege, Beat Tödtli, Ilias Trochidis, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Evgenia Vassou, Nicolas Verhaert, Carsten Vogel, Zoi Zachou, Winfried Schlee
Abstract
Tinnitus is defined as the conscious awareness of a tonal or composite noise in the absence of a corresponding external acoustic source. This international multicentre, parallel-arm, superiority, randomised controlled trial investigated whether combination therapies are superior to single interventions in the treatment of chronic subjective tinnitus. Tinnitus patients were recruited from five clinical sites across the EU and randomly assigned using a web-based system, stratified by their hearing and distress level, to single or combination treatment of 12 weeks. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, hearing aids, app-based structured counselling, or app-based sound therapy were administered either alone or as a combination of two treatments resulting in ten treatment arms. App-based treatments were delivered without direct contact or guidance from clinicians. The primary outcome was the difference in the change from baseline to week 12 in the total score of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) between single and combination treatments in the intention-to-treat population. All statistical analysis were performed blinded to treatment allocation. 674 patients of both sexes aged between 18 and 80 years were screened for eligibility. 461 participants (190 females) with chronic subjective tinnitus and at least mild tinnitus handicap were enroled, 230 of which were randomly assigned to single and 231 to combination treatment. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 12 were -11.7 for single treatment (95% confidence interval [CI], -14.4 to -9.0) and -14.9 for combination treatments (95% CI, -17.7 to -12.1), with a statistically significant group difference (p = 0.034). Cognitive-behavioural therapy and hearing aids alone had large effect sizes, which could not be further increased by combination treatment. No serious adverse events occurred. In this trial involving patients with chronic tinnitus, all treatment arms showed improvement in THI scores from baseline to week 12. Combination treatments showed a stronger clinical effect than single treatment, however, no clear synergistic effect was observed when combining treatments. Instead, we observed a compensatory effect, where a more effective treatment offsets the clinical effects of a less effective treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04663828.