Intrauterine Growth Restriction Due to Gestational Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Management
Zacharias Fasoulakis, Antonios Koutras, Panos J. Antsaklis, Marianna Theodora, Asimina Valsamaki, G. Daskalakis, Emmanuel N. Kontomanolis
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represents a condition where the fetal weight is less than the 10th percentile for gestational age, or the estimated fetal weight is lower than expected based on gestational age. IUGR can be caused by various factors such as maternal, placental or fetal factors and can lead to various complications for both the fetus and the mother, including fetal distress, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and maternal hypertension. Women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of developing IUGR. This article reviews the different aspects of gestational diabetes in addition to IUGR, the diagnostic methods available for IUGR detection, including ultrasound and Doppler studies, discusses the management strategies for women with IUGR and gestational diabetes and analyzes the importance of early detection and timely intervention to improve pregnancy outcomes.