Scalable two-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar modules with a 19.1% efficiency
Bahram Abdollahi Nejand, David B. Ritzer, Hang Hu, Fabian Schackmar, Somayeh Moghadamzadeh, Thomas Feeney, Roja Singh, Felix Laufer, Raphael Schmager, Raheleh Azmi, Milian Kaiser, Tobias Abzieher, Saba Gharibzadeh, Erik Ahlswede, Uli Lemmer, Bryce S. Richards, Ulrich W. Paetzold
Abstract
Abstract Monolithic all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics promise to combine low-cost and high-efficiency solar energy harvesting with the advantages of all-thin-film technologies. To date, laboratory-scale all-perovskite tandem solar cells have only been fabricated using non-scalable fabrication techniques. In response, this work reports on laser-scribed all-perovskite tandem modules processed exclusively with scalable fabrication methods (blade coating and vacuum deposition), demonstrating power conversion efficiencies up to 19.1% (aperture area, 12.25 cm 2 ; geometric fill factor, 94.7%) and stable power output. Compared to the performance of our spin-coated reference tandem solar cells (efficiency, 23.5%; area, 0.1 cm 2 ), our prototypes demonstrate substantial advances in the technological readiness of all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. By means of electroluminescence imaging and laser-beam-induced current mapping, we demonstrate the homogeneous current collection in both subcells over the entire module area, which explains low losses (<5% rel ) in open-circuit voltage and fill factor for our scalable modules.