Lost in transition: a systematic review of the association between unemployment and mental health
Ana Virgolino, Joana Costa, Osvaldo Santos, Maria Emília Pereira, Rita Antunes, Sara Ambrósio, Maria João Heitor, António Vaz Carneiro
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Unemployment can involve financial strain and major psychosocial challenges. Integration of the existing evidence is needed to better characterize the association between unemployment and mental health, independently of macroeconomic contexts. AIMS: Main objectives of this study: (a) review, integrate, and summarize evidence about the association between unemployment and anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and suicidal behaviour, and (b) identify variables affecting this association. METHOD: Systematic review of literature following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, RCAAP, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Quantitative empirical studies on the association between unemployment and mental illness of community-based samples were included. The quality of the evidence provided in the studies was assessed following pre-defined methodological criteria. RESULTS: Overall, 294 articles were considered eligible. In total, 55.7% of the studies were conducted in Europe; 91.4% supported a positive association between increased unemployment rates and anxiety, mood disorders, or suicidal behavior. Men and young adults were most severely affected by unemployment. Education and social support were found to buffer the negative outcomes of job loss. CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment was inversely associated with mental health irrespectively of the economic context; unemployed individuals were more vulnerable to commit suicide and suffer from anxiety and mood disorders.