Exploring the demand for inter-annual storage for balancing wind energy variability in 100% renewable energy systems
Philipp Diesing, Dmitrii Bogdanov, Dominik Keiner, Rasul Satymov, David Toke, Christian Breyer
Abstract
As research in 100% renewable energy systems progresses, closing remaining research gaps, such as quantifying inter-annual balancing requirements, is necessary. For this study, inter-annual variations of wind power yield and the resulting balancing requirements are analysed for the energy transition towards 100% renewable energy of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The energy system components are determined and cost implications are quantified comparing two options for inter-annual storage: e-hydrogen and e-methane for a low, medium, and high security case, which are expanded over ten years. The results indicate that more than 300 TWh th,LHV and 500 TWh th,LHV of inter-annual gas storage capacity in 2050 for the low and the high security case, respectively are required. For both investigated cases, the annual system costs increase notably compared to the reference scenario without inter-annual storage. For the case of e-hydrogen, the annualised system costs increase by 19% compared to an increase of 7% for e-methane for medium security cases. The difference in cost growth is due to significantly higher hydrogen underground storage costs that overcompensate additional system costs for e-methane production. This study provides an expansion from seasonal to inter-annual storage and a first estimate of inter-annual balancing requirements and costs. • The storage should have a size of 34–58 % of annual wind power generation. • Electrolyser capacity increases in order of 5–10 %, compared to a reference scenario. • Costs increase substantially due to inter-annual storage in order of 10–20 %. • Indicative results imply that e-methane leads to lower costs than e-hydrogen. • More research is required to evaluate alternative balancing options.