Hydrophone Measurements for Biomedical Ultrasound Applications: A Review
Gerald R. Harris, Samuel M. Howard, Andrew Hurrell, Peter A. Lewin, Mark E. Schafer, Keith A. Wear, Volker Wilkens, Bajram Zeqiri
Abstract
This article presents basic principles of hydrophone measurements, including mechanisms of action for various hydrophone designs, sensitivity and directivity calibration procedures, practical considerations for performing measurements, signal processing methods to correct for both frequency-dependent sensitivity and spatial averaging across the hydrophone sensitive element, uncertainty in hydrophone measurements, special considerations for high-intensity therapeutic ultrasound, and advice for choosing an appropriate hydrophone for a particular measurement task. Recommendations are made for information to be included in hydrophone measurement reporting.