Interaction of Copper, Zinc, and their importance in plant physiology: Review,Acquisition and Transport
Abou Seeda, Abou El-Nour, Gad Mervat, Sahar Zaghloul, S Aller, V Unger, S Aller, E Eng, C De Feo, V Unger, B Alloway, C, I Bertini, T Arnold, G Kirk, M Wissuwa, M Frei, F Zhao, T Mason, D Weiss, S Arrivault, U Senger, Kramer, M Barberon, E Zelazny, S Robert, G Conejero, C Curie, J Friml, G Vert, R Barr, F Crane, J Berg, Y Shi, M Bertr, I Poirier, M Brian, P Renuka, L Brun, J Maillet, P Hinsinger, M Ppin, P Bruno, L Stanley, H Jean-Francois, S Kjell, P Bueno, J Varela, G Gimnez-Gallego, L Del Rio, K Burda, J Kruk, K Strzaka, G Schimd, I Cakmak, D Callahan, A Baker, S Kolev, A Wedd, R Carrillo-Gonzlez, J Simnek, S Sauv, D Adriano, V Chaignon, D Di, P Malta, Hinsinger, V Chaignon, I Sanchez-Neira, P Hermann, B Jaillard, P Hinsinger, C Chen, L Chen, C Lin, C Kao, J Cornu, S Staunton, P Hinsinger, C Curie, Z Panaviene, C Loulergue, S Dellaporta, J Briat, E Walker, J Davis, L Hossner, N Persaud, V Demidchik, F Maathuis, A Desbrosses-Fonrouge, K Voigt, A Schroder, S Arrivault, S Thomine, U Kramer, D Drager, A Desbrosses-Fonrouge, C Krach, A Chardonnens
Abstract
Copper and zinc are essential metals for proteins production in plants; they play important roles in photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains, in ethylene sensing, cell wall metabolism, oxidative stress protection and biogenesis of molybdenum cofactor. Zinc is main composition of ribosome and is essential for their development, and is active element in biochemical processes and has a chemical and biological interaction with some other elements. Copper and zinc deficiencies can alter essential functions in plant metabolism. On the other h and, copper considers in agriculture as an antifungal agent and it is extensively released into the environment by human activities. Accordingly, excess of copper is present in certain regions and environments, and exposure to that can be potentially toxic to plants causing phytotoxicity by the formation of reactive oxygen radicals that damage cells or by the interaction with proteins impairing key cellular processes, inactivating enzymes and disturbing protein structure. Copper concentrations, relative to zinc, can reduce the availability of zinc to a plant. Zinc deficiency leads to (Fe) deficiency, due to prevent of transfer of Fe from root to shoot system. Phosphorus is the most important element that interferes on Zn uptake by plants, gradually reduced by increasing phosphorus in soil, due to plant physiological factors. Plants have a complex network of metal trafficking pathways to regulate appropriately copper homeostasis in response to environmental copper level variations. Such strategies must prevent accumulation of metal in reactive form (metal detoxification pathways) and to ensure proper delivery of this element to target metalloproteinase. Sufficient amount of zinc in the plant improve the harmful effects of boron deficiency, on the other h and zinc deficiency decreases by increasing the concentration of boron particularly in young leaves and tips of the branches. The mechanisms involved in the acquisition and the distribution of copper and zinc have not been clearly defined, mainly obtained on copper uptake, and both intra-and intercellular distribution, as well as on long-distance transport, are contributing to the understanding of copper and Zinc homeostasis in plants and the response to elements stress. This review gives a brief overview of the current understanding of main features concerning copper and zinc functions, as well as acquisition and trafficking network.