Enabling an Inorganic-Rich Interface via Cationic Surfactant for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries
Zejun Sun, Jinlin Yang, Hongfei Xu, Chonglai Jiang, Yuxiang Niu, Xu Lian, Yuan Liu, Ruiqi Su, Dayu Liu, Long Yu, Meng Wang, Jingyu Mao, Haotian Yang, Baihua Cui, Yukun Xiao, Ganwen Chen, Qi Zhang, Zhenxiang Xing, Jisheng Pan, Gang Wu, Wei Chen
Abstract
Abstract An anion-rich electric double layer (EDL) region is favorable for fabricating an inorganic-rich solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) towards stable lithium metal anode in ester electrolyte. Herein, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, is adopted to draw more anions into EDL by ionic interactions that shield the repelling force on anions during lithium plating. In situ electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy results combined with molecular dynamics simulations validate the enrichment of NO 3 − /FSI − anions in the EDL region due to the positively charged CTA + . In-depth analysis of SEI structure by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry results confirmed the formation of the inorganic-rich SEI, which helps improve the kinetics of Li + transfer, lower the charge transfer activation energy, and homogenize Li deposition. As a result, the Li||Li symmetric cell in the designed electrolyte displays a prolongated cycling time from 500 to 1300 h compared to that in the blank electrolyte at 0.5 mA cm −2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm −2 . Moreover, Li||LiFePO 4 and Li||LiCoO 2 with a high cathode mass loading of > 10 mg cm −2 can be stably cycled over 180 cycles.