Bacterial Indole as a Multifunctional Regulator of Klebsiella oxytoca Complex Enterotoxicity
Nagender Ledala, Mishika Malik, Karim Rezaul, Sara Paveglio, Anthony A. Provatas, Aaron Kiel, Melissa J. Caimano, Yanjiao Zhou, Jonathan Lindgren, Kristýna Krasulová, Peter Illéš, Zdeněk Dvořák, Sandhya Kortagere, Sabine Kienesberger, Amar Ćosić, Lisa Pöltl, Ellen L. Zechner, Subho Ghosh, Sridhar Mani, Justin D. Radolf, Adam Matson
Abstract
and K. oxytoca enterotoxicity. Bacterial indole was identified as a central modulator of these colitogenic microbes by suppressing bacterial toxin (tilimycin) synthesis and converting tilimycin to tilivalline while simultaneously activating a host receptor, PXR, as a means of mitigating tissue cytotoxicity. On the other hand, fermentable carbohydrates were found to inhibit indole biosynthesis and enhance toxin production. This integrated network involving microbial, host, and metabolic factors provides a contextual framework to better understand K. oxytoca complex pathogenicity.