Dithieno[3,2‐<i>b</i>:2ʹ,3ʹ‐<i>d</i>]pyrrol‐Fused Asymmetrical Electron Acceptors: A Study into the Effects of Nitrogen‐Functionalization on Reducing Nonradiative Recombination Loss and Dipole Moment on Morphology
Wei Gao, Tao Liu, Rui Sun, Guangye Zhang, Yiqun Xiao, Ruijie Ma, Cheng Zhong, Xinhui Lu, Jie Min, He Yan, Chuluo Yang
Abstract
Abstract Energy loss ( E loss ) consisting of radiative recombination loss (Δ E 1 and Δ E 2 ) and nonradiative recombination loss (Δ E 3 ) is considered as an important factor for organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, two N ‐functionalized asymmetrical small molecule acceptors (SMAs), namely N7IT and N8IT are designed and synthesized, to explore the effect of N on reducing E loss with sulfur (S) as a comparison. N7IT‐based OSCs achieve not only a higher PCE (13.8%), but also a much lower E loss (0.57 eV) than those of the analogue (a‐IT)‐based OSCs (PCE of 11.5% and E loss of 0.72 eV), which are mainly attributed to N7IT's significantly enhanced charge carrier density (promoting J SC ) and largely suppressed nonradiative E loss by over 0.1 eV (enhancing V OC ). In comparison, N8IT, with an extended π‐conjugated length, shows relatively lower photovoltaic performance than N7IT (but higher than a‐IT) due to the less favorable morphology caused by the excessively large dipole moment of the asymmetrical molecule. Finally, this work sheds light on the structure–property relationship of the N ‐functionalization, particularly on its effects on reducing the E loss , which could inspire the community to design and synthesize more N ‐functionalized SMAs.