Nanotechnology in gastrointestinal endoscopy

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a field which deals with the development of intentional design and characterizations of nanoscale particles (1-100 nm) for the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation of illnesses as well as other desirable uses.These engineered devices are controlled by their size and shape through physical characteristics to produce the intended impact at subcellular and molecular level with unique attributes.These nanoparticles (NPs), which can cross the blood-brain barrier and have the capacity to avoid immune system interception, have a longer half-life than microparticles, making them suitable for use as drug delivery vehicles.Quantum dot and cadmium selenide semiconductor NPs are two diagnostic techniques that may simultaneously scan a blood sample for various proteins, viruses, and other desirable compounds.Environmental NPs can reach the human body through several pathways, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.As soon as anything is consumed, it easily passes through the mucus layer and interacts with the enterocytes.Nanopowder as hemostatic agent in gastric ulcer bleed, prevention of clogging of plastic stents, nano-based capsule endoscopy, molecular imaging and optical biopsy, biosensing and maneuvering technology, nanorobots are some tools used in the diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy such as the endoscopic hemostasis of peptic ulcer bleeding, prevention of clogging of plastic stent and advance capsule endoscopy.These NPs, which are either approved for clinical use or are undergoing clinical trials, have technical challenges and potential adverse reactions like back pain, vasodilatation and acute urinary retention, fever, cytopenia, mild renal toxicity, and peripheral sensory neuropathy because of their diverse range.Hence, toxicity investigations and quality control studies for these NPs will serve as a benchmark for the unfulfilled potential of nanotechnology in the diagnostic and therapeutic fields, along with endoscopy.

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