Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major public health issue, and the aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with GDM. Databases were searched for observational studies until August 20, 2020. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. 103 studies involving 1,826,454 pregnant women were identified. Results indicated that <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><a:mtext>maternal</a:mtext><a:mtext> </a:mtext><a:mtext>age</a:mtext><a:mo>≥</a:mo><a:mn>25</a:mn></a:math> years (OR: 2.466, 95% CI: (2.121, 2.866)), prepregnancy overweight or obese (OR: 2.637, 95% CI: (1.561, 4.453)), family history of diabetes (FHD) (OR: 2.326, 95% CI: (1.904, 2.843)), history of GDM (OR: 21.137, 95% CI: (8.785, 50.858)), macrosomia (OR: 2.539, 95% CI: (1.612, 4.000)), stillbirth (OR: 2.341, 95% CI: (1.435, 3.819)), premature delivery (OR: 3.013, 95% CI: (1.569, 5.787)), and pregestational smoking (OR: 2.322, 95% CI: (1.359, 3.967)) increased the risk of GDM with all <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><c:mi>P</c:mi><c:mo>&lt;</c:mo><c:mn>0.05</c:mn></c:math> , whereas history of congenital anomaly and abortion, and HIV status showed no correlation with GDM ( <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><e:mi>P</e:mi><e:mo>&gt;</e:mo><e:mn>0.05</e:mn></e:math> ). Being primigravida (OR: 0.752, 95% CI: (0.698, 0.810), <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><g:mi>P</g:mi><g:mo>&lt;</g:mo><g:mn>0.001</g:mn></g:math> ) reduced the risk of GDM. The factors influencing GDM included <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><i:mtext>maternal</i:mtext><i:mtext> </i:mtext><i:mtext>age</i:mtext><i:mo>≥</i:mo><i:mn>25</i:mn></i:math> , prepregnancy overweight or obese, FHD, history of GDM, macrosomia, stillbirth, premature delivery, pregestational smoking, and primigravida.

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