Molecular Endotypes of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Latent Class Analysis of Two Multicenter Observational Cohorts
Manoj V. Maddali, A. R. Moore, Pratik Sinha, Chad A. Newton, John S. Kim, Ayodeji Adegunsoye, Shwu‐Fan Ma, Mary E. Strek, Ching‐Hsien Chen, A. Linderholm, Rachel L. Zemans, Bethany B. Moore, Paul J. Wolters, Fernando J. Martínez, Angela J. Rogers, Rishi Raj, Imre Noth, Justin M. Oldham
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) causes irreversible fibrosis of the lung parenchyma. Although antifibrotic therapy can slow IPF progression, treatment response is variable. There exists a critical need to develop a precision medicine approach to IPF. Objectives To identify and validate biologically driven molecular endotypes of IPF. Methods Latent class analysis (LCA) was independently performed in prospectively recruited discovery (n = 875) and validation (n = 347) cohorts. Twenty-five plasma biomarkers associated with fibrogenesis served as class-defining variables. The association between molecular endotype and 4-year transplant-free survival was tested using multivariable Cox regression adjusted for baseline confounders. Endotype-dependent differential treatment response to future antifibrotic exposure was then assessed in a pooled cohort of patients naive to antifibrotic therapy at the time of biomarker measurement (n = 555). Measurements and Main Results LCA independently identified two latent classes in both cohorts (P < 0.0001). WFDC2 (WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2) was the most important determinant of class membership across cohorts. Membership in class 2 was characterized by higher biomarker concentrations and a higher risk of death or transplant (discovery, hazard ratio [HR], 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64–2.48; P < 0.001; validation, HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.34–2.82; P < 0.001). In pooled analysis, significant heterogeneity in treatment effect was observed between endotypes (P = 0.030 for interaction), with a favorable antifibrotic response in class 2 (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45–0.93; P = 0.018) but not in class 1 (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.77–1.84; P = 0.422). Conclusions In this multicohort study, we identified two novel molecular endotypes of IPF with divergent clinical outcomes and responses to antifibrotic therapy. Pending further validation, these endotypes could enable a precision medicine approach for future IPF clinical trials.