Conceptual Evaluation of Tsunami Debris Field Damming and Impact Forces
Krishnendu Shekhar, Andrew O. Winter, Mohammad S. Alam, Pedro Arduino, Gregory R. Miller, Michael R. Motley, Marc O. Eberhard, André R. Barbosa, Pedro Lomónaco, Daniel T. Cox
Abstract
The damage caused by tsunamis to coastal communities is often not only the result of the flowing water itself, but also of transported debris. Although there have been efforts to characterize forces from single-debris impacts, a more general scenario of multiple-debris impacts has not been studied experimentally. To address this need, experimental studies were performed, considering the effect of debris orientation and the number of debris field components on peak impact and damming forces on coastal structures. These forces are evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively to provide insight into the nature of these impacts. For a few selected cases, a number of trials were conducted and an initial statistical study of the debris field collision phenomena performed. Observed forces and results are presented in terms of normalized quantities using analytical equations commonly used to calculate impact or drag forces. The lessons from this work provide an initial data set that can be used to guide further experimental and numerical studies on debris-laden tsunami flows.