Biochar-Based Phosphorus Recovery from Different Waste Streams: Sources, Mechanisms, and Performance
Hai Bang Truong, Thi Cuc Phuong Tran, Thi Phuong Nguyen, Thi Thao Nguyen, Đoàn Thị Yến Oanh, Dương Thị Thủy, Xuan Cuong Nguyen
Abstract
Elevated phosphorus (P) levels in water sources can result in eutrophication, which in turn causes environmental pollution and adversely affects aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, there is a risk of P depletion due to intensive exploitation and utilization. Therefore, the sustainable and efficient use of P, waste reduction, and P recovery from waste sources have become urgent priorities. This article aims to provide the most current assessments of the P regeneration process and its origins within waste and wastewater. This work also evaluates P recovery, as to its mechanisms, influencing factors, and performance. Moreover, the review presents comprehensive results from pilot and full-scale applications of P recovery. Further perspectives are analyzed, including economic feasibility, potential environmental impacts, research needs, and opportunities for improving P recovery.