Tumor–Stroma Ratio in Colorectal Cancer—Comparison between Human Estimation and Automated Assessment
Daniel Firmbach, Michaela Benz, Petr Kuritcyn, Volker Bruns, Corinna Lang‐Schwarz, Frederik A. Stuebs, Susanne Merkel, Leah-Sophie Leikauf, Anna-Lea Braunschweig, Angelika Oldenburger, Laura Gloßner, Niklas Abele, Christine Eck, Christian Matek, Arndt Hartmann, Carol I. Geppert
Abstract
The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) has been repeatedly shown to be a prognostic factor for survival prediction of different cancer types. However, an objective and reliable determination of the tumor-stroma ratio remains challenging. We present an easily adaptable deep learning model for accurately segmenting tumor regions in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole slide images (WSIs) of colon cancer patients into five distinct classes (tumor, stroma, necrosis, mucus, and background). The tumor-stroma ratio can be determined in the presence of necrotic or mucinous areas. We employ a few-shot model, eventually aiming for the easy adaptability of our approach to related segmentation tasks or other primaries, and compare the results to a well-established state-of-the art approach (U-Net). Both models achieve similar results with an overall accuracy of 86.5% and 86.7%, respectively, indicating that the adaptability does not lead to a significant decrease in accuracy. Moreover, we comprehensively compare with TSR estimates of human observers and examine in detail discrepancies and inter-rater reliability. Adding a second survey for segmentation quality on top of a first survey for TSR estimation, we found that TSR estimations of human observers are not as reliable a ground truth as previously thought.