Mechanistic Study of Charge Separation in a Nonfullerene Organic Donor–Acceptor Blend Using Multispectral Multidimensional Spectroscopy
Yin Song, Xiao Liu, Yongxi Li, Hoang H. Nguyen, Rong Duan, Kevin J. Kubarych, Stephen R. Forrest, Jennifer P. Ogilvie
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) based on nonfullerene acceptors are now approaching commercially viable efficiencies. One key to their success is efficient charge separation with low potential loss at the donor–acceptor heterojunction. Due to the lack of spectroscopic probes, open questions remain about the mechanisms of charge separation. Here, we study charge separation of a model system composed of the donor, poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione) (PBDB-T), and the nonfullerene acceptor, 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC), using multidimensional spectroscopy spanning the visible to the mid-infrared. We find that bound polaron pairs (BPPs) generated within ITIC domains play a dominant role in efficient hole transfer, transitioning to delocalized polarons within 100 fs. The weak electron–hole binding within the BPPs and the resulting polaron delocalization are key factors for efficient charge separation at nearly zero driving force. Our work provides useful insight into how to further improve the power conversion efficiency in OPVs.