Enhancement of fusion reactivity under non-Maxwellian distributions: effects of drift-ring-beam, slowing-down, and kappa super-thermal distributions
Haozhe Kong, Huasheng Xie, Bing Liu, Muzhi Tan, Di Luo, Z. Li, Jizhong Sun
Abstract
Abstract Non-Maxwellian distributions of particles are commonly observed in fusion studies, especially for magnetic confinement fusion plasmas. The particle distribution has a direct effect on fusion reactivity, which is the focus of this study. We investigate the effects of three types of non-Maxwellian distributions, namely drift-ring-beam, slowing-down, and kappa super-thermal distributions, on the fusion reactivities of D-T (Deuterium-Trillium) and p-B11 (proton-Boron) using a newly developed program, where the enhancement of fusion reactivity relative to the Maxwellian distribution is computed while keeping the total kinetic energy constant. The calculation results show that for the temperature ranges of interest to us, namely 5–50 keV for D-T and 100–500 keV for p-B11, these non-Maxwellian distributions can enhance the fusion reactivities. In the case of the drift-ring-beam distribution, the perpendicular ring beam velocity leads to decreased enhancement in low temperature range and increased enhancement in high temperature range. This effect is favorable for p-B11 fusion reaction and unfavorable for D-T fusion reaction. This is because the important temperature range for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>p - B</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:math> fusion reaction significantly overlaps with the high temperature enhancement range, while the important temperature range for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>D - T</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> fusion significantly overlaps with the low temperature reduction range. In the slowing-down distribution, the birth speed plays a crucial role in both reactions, and increasing birth speed leads to a shift in the enhancement ranges towards lower temperatures, which is beneficial for both reactions. Finally, the kappa super-thermal distribution results in a relatively large enhancement in the low temperature range with a small high energy power-law index <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>κ</mml:mi> </mml:math> . Overall, this study provides insight into the effects of non-Maxwellian distributions on fusion reactivity and highlights potential opportunities for enhancing fusion efficiency.