Radical SAM enzymes: Nature's choice for radical reactions
Joan Broderick, William E. Broderick, Brian M. Hoffman
Abstract
Enzymes that use a [4Fe‐4S] 1+ cluster plus S ‐adenosyl‐ l ‐methionine (SAM) to initiate radical reactions (radical SAM) form the largest enzyme superfamily, with over half a million members across the tree of life. This review summarizes recent work revealing the radical SAM reaction pathway, which ultimately liberates the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl (5′‐dAdo•) radical to perform extremely diverse, highly regio‐ and stereo‐specific, transformations. Most surprising was the discovery of an organometallic intermediate Ω exhibiting an Fe‐C5′‐adenosyl bond. Ω liberates 5′‐dAdo• through homolysis of the Fe–C5′ bond, in analogy to Co–C5′ bond homolysis in B 12 , previously viewed as biology's paradigmatic radical generator. The 5′‐dAdo• has been trapped and characterized in radical SAM enzymes via a recently discovered photoreactivity of the [4Fe‐4S] + /SAM complex, and has been confirmed as a catalytically active intermediate in enzyme catalysis. The regioselective SAM S–C bond cleavage to produce 5′‐dAdo• originates in the Jahn–Teller effect. The simplicity of SAM as a radical precursor, and the exquisite control of 5′‐dAdo• reactivity in radical SAM enzymes, may be why radical SAM enzymes pervade the tree of life, while B 12 enzymes are only a few.