Occurrence and diversity of <i>Phytophthora</i> species in declining broadleaf forests in western Ukraine
Iryna Matsiakh, Volodymyr Kramarets, Michelle Cleary
Abstract
Abstract In western Ukraine, forest decline and dieback of several broadleaved tree species have become increasingly evident during recent years, and surveys in some areas have shown symptoms indicative of Phytophthora infections. In this study, we aimed to determine the occurrence and diversity of Phytophthora species associated with several broadleaved tree species ( Alnus glutinosa , Betula pendula , Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur ) from forest stands where dieback has been observed. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from 14 forest stands during 2017 and 2018 and tested for the presence of Phytophthora species using morphological and molecular methods. Seven Phytophthora species ( P. bilorbang, P. cactorum, P. gallica, P. gonapodyides, P. lacustris, P. plurivora and P. polonica ), and two other clade six taxa were detected from the various forest types, several of which are probable agents responsible for decline. Four of the Phytophthora species ( P. bilorbang, P. gallica, P. plurivora and P. polonica ) have previously never been reported from broadleaf forests in Ukraine.