A systematic literature review of profiling victims of cyber scams: setting up a framework for future research
Monica T. Whitty
Abstract
Background Cyber scams continue to rise worldwide, posing a significant concern due to the harm inflicted on individuals, both financially and psychologically, as well as on societies. Given that apprehending criminals is resource-intensive and challenging (as investigations require global cooperation), profiling victims is arguably more crucial than profiling criminals, starkly contrasting with other types of crimes.Methods This SLR examines various theories that have informed empirical, quantitative research on cyber scam victims and their psychological characteristics. We followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed empirical studies between 2000 and 2025 that examined psychological profiles of cyber scam victims.Results In the final sample (n = 22), the most prevalent theories employed were Personality Theory and Routine Activities Theory. Personality characteristics included addictive personality, impulsivity, internal locus of control, optimism, and low on openness.Discussion A model of predictors to guide future research was proposed, including personality, individual characteristics, behaviours, cognition, self-esteem and attitudes/beliefs.Conclusions Research may need to focus more attention on individual cyber scam types. Neglected theories that could have been considered include Information Processing Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Protection Motivation Theory, and Social Identity Theory. This SLR offers a pathway to enhance future research.