Integrated thermocatalytic and photocatalytic valorization of Hermetia illucens biomass for renewable fuel and chemical production
Ebrahim Abbasi
Abstract
• Black soldier fly larvae biomass converted into bio-oil, biochar, and biodiesel. • Zeolite (ZSM-5) and Fe/Cu-doped TiO₂ catalysts enabled selective conversions. • Thermocatalysis yielded 48.7 wt % bio-oil and 28.4 wt % biochar. • Photocatalysis converted 63.4 % lipids into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). • Processes reduced GHG emissions by ∼40 % compared to conventional methods. The increasing need for sustainable energy and eco-friendly waste management calls for innovative renewable resource solutions. Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) biomass is highlighted as a valuable feedstock due to its rapid growth and efficient nutrient recycling. This species was selected for its high lipid and protein content compared to other insect sources, which makes it particularly suitable for biofuel production. This study investigates the catalytic conversion of H. illucens biomass through thermocatalysis and photocatalysis. The larvae were fed organic waste, processed into powder, and subjected to catalytic reactions. Thermocatalytic pyrolysis produced bio-oil (48.7 wt%), biochar (28.4 wt%), and gaseous products (22.9 wt%) at 300–500 °C, with the bio-oil containing a range of hydrocarbons. Photocatalytic upgrading achieved a 63.4 % conversion of lipids into fatty acid methyl esters. Environmental assessments indicated a 40 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional methods. This study focuses exclusively on H. illucens , and future research is recommended to compare its catalytic conversion efficiency with other insect-derived or lignocellulosic biomasses. The findings emphasize the potential of H. illucens as a renewable resource for sustainable energy and waste valorization, showcasing effective catalytic routes while recognizing challenges such as feedstock variability and economic scalability.