Photobactericidal activity activated by thiolated gold nanoclusters at low flux levels of white light
Gi Byoung Hwang, He Huang, Gaowei Wu, Juhun Shin, Andreas Kafizas, Kersti Karu, Hendrik du Toit, Abdullah M. Alotaibi, Layla Mohammad-Hadi, Elaine Allan, Alexander J. MacRobert, Asterios Gavriilidis, Ivan P. Parkin
Abstract
Abstract The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a major threat to the practice of modern medicine. Photobactericidal agents have obtained significant attention as promising candidates to kill bacteria, and they have been extensively studied. However, to obtain photobactericidal activity, an intense white light source or UV-activation is usually required. Here we report a photobactericidal polymer containing crystal violet (CV) and thiolated gold nanocluster ([Au 25 (Cys) 18 ]) activated at a low flux levels of white light. It was shown that the polymer encapsulated with CV do not have photobactericidal activity under white light illumination of an average 312 lux. However, encapsulation of [Au 25 (Cys) 18 ] and CV into the polymer activates potent photobactericidal activity. The study of the photobactericidal mechanism shows that additional encapsulation of [Au 25 (Cys) 18 ] into the CV treated polymer promotes redox reactions through generation of alternative electron transfer pathways, while it reduces photochemical reaction type-ІІ pathways resulting in promotion of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production.