The Nose as a Route for Therapy: Part 1. Pharmacotherapy
Cemal Cingi, Nuray Bayar Muluk, Dimitrios Mitsias, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Ludger Klimek, Anu Laulajainen‐Hongisto, Maija Hytönen, Sanna Toppila‐Salmi, Glenis Scadding
Abstract
This article reviews nasal structure and function in the light of intranasal pharmacotherapy. The nose provides an accessible, fast route for local treatment of nose and sinus diseases, with lower doses than are necessary systemically and few adverse effects. It can also be used for other medications as it has sufficient surface area protected from local damage by mucociliary clearance, absence of digestive enzymes, responsive blood flow, and provides a rapid route to the central nervous system.
Topics & Concepts
NoseNasal administrationPharmacotherapyMedicineAdverse effectCentral nervous systemPharmacologySurgeryInternal medicineAllergic Rhinitis and SensitizationSinusitis and nasal conditionsAsthma and respiratory diseases