PRIME 2.0: Proposed Requirements for Cardiovascular Imaging-Related Multimodal-AI Evaluation
Nobuyuki Kagiyama, Márton Tokodi, Quincy A. Hathaway, Rima Arnaout, Rhodri Davies, Damini Dey, Nicolás Duchateau, Alan G. Fraser, Shinichi Goto, Ankush D. Jamthikar, Carolyn S.P. Lam, Evangelos K. Oikonomou, David Ouyang, Ambarish Pandey, Timothy J. Poterucha, Zahra Raisi‐Estabragh, Jordan B. Strom, Qiang Zhang, Naveena Yanamala, Partho P. Sengupta
Abstract
The PRIME (Proposed Requirements for Cardiovascular Imaging-Related Machine Learning Evaluation) 2.0 checklist is an updated, domain-specific framework designed to standardize the development, evaluation, and reporting of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in cardiovascular imaging. This update specifically responds to rapid advances from traditional machine learning to deep learning, large language models, and multimodal generative AI. The updated checklist was developed through a modified Delphi process by an international panel of clinical and technical experts. In contrast to general AI reporting guidelines, it delivers detailed, practical recommendations on all critical aspects of AI research and builds upon the original 7-domain framework by incorporating cardiovascular imaging-specific complexities such as cardiac motion, imaging artifacts, and interobserver variability. By promoting transparency and rigor, PRIME 2.0 can serve as a vital resource for researchers, clinicians, peer reviewers, and journal editors working at the forefront of AI in cardiovascular imaging.