Numerical and experimental analysis of aerodynamic forces on floating photovoltaic systems: Insights into design optimization and economic feasibility
Krishna Debnath, Chien-Chun Hsieh, Chao-Yang Huang, Chung‐Feng Jeffrey Kuo
Abstract
• Simulations and experiments were carried out for a range of wind inlet angles. • Experimental validation of aerodynamic forces via wind tunnel testing. • Wind loads on solar panel arrays were evaluated through experimental measurements. • Economic analysis identifies cost-reduction opportunities in manufacturing processes. • Design recommendations balance safety considerations with economic efficiency. In this recent era, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are increasingly being adopted to meet the growing demand for renewable and environmentally friendly energy solutions. However, extreme weather events like hurricanes pose significant challenges, subjecting these systems to high drag and lift forces that threaten their stability. Maintaining an equilibrium between wind loads and buoyancy is vital to prevent the sinking or capsizing of the floating structures. This research explores the aerodynamic performance of FPV systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and finite element analysis (FEA), along with wind tunnel testing on a scaled 3 × 10 panel array. The results indicate that the leading row of panels faces the highest wind pressures, generating a shielding effect that reduces aerodynamic forces on subsequent rows. At different wind angles, drag and lift forces reach their maximum, necessitating reinforced structural designs, whereas oblique angles like 45° result in reduced forces, particularly in the array's central columns. Economic evaluations underscore the benefits of bifacial panels, which enhance energy output and reduce payback periods despite their higher initial cost. Additionally, substituting high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) in lower-stress regions decreases material costs. This study offers valuable guidance for optimizing FPV systems to ensure safety, cost efficiency, and sustainability in diverse environmental conditions.