Green Engineered Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Characterizations and Their Role in Efficient Dye Removal From Wastewater
Mahvish Shameem, Waseem Ahmad, Manisha Nanda
Abstract
ABSTRACT Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention due to their wide‐ranging applications in wastewater treatment, photothermal, radiation therapy, tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, antimicrobial activity, electronics, and optics. Amid the various synthesis strategies, green synthesis offers a sustainable alternative to produce NPs within the size range of 1 to 100 nm in an eco‐friendly, biocompatibleecofriendly, and cost‐effective manner. NPs can be synthesized using the bottom‐up or a top‐down approach that involves chemical, physical, and biological processes. The characterization of NPs commonly includes techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Overall, this review highlights the green synthesis of Al, Mn, and Bi oxide NPs and their potential as efficient nanomaterials for dye degradation in wastewater treatment.