Simultaneous-Multifunction Phased Arrays: Enabled by In-Band Full-Duplex Technology
Kenneth E. Kolodziej, Zoya Popović
Abstract
Active phased-array systems are gaining popularity in many wireless applications due to their ability to electronically create, steer, and change multiple beams with high directivity as well as adaptively reduce external interference <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> . Fifth- and next-generation wireless communications are leveraging phased arrays to create smart base stations in sub-6-GHz Frequency Range 1 (FR1) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> as well as overcoming the propagation losses in the Frequency Range 2 (FR2) millimeter-wave spectrum <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[3]</xref> . For space-based constellations like Starlink and Kuiper, ground stations utilize phased arrays to simultaneously track multiple satellites using different beams without any mechanical movement <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[4]</xref> . The stringent link budgets of radar applications have also benefited from the high directivity of phased arrays as well as their angle-of-arrival estimation accuracy without cumbersome and costly servo motors for object detection <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[5]</xref> . Finally, electronic warfare (EW) systems are beginning to leverage phased arrays to more accurately locate hostile signals in noisy environments and precisely direct their jamming attacks <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[6]</xref> .