MRI‐visible liquid crystal thermometer
Kathryn E. Keenan, Karl F. Stupic, Stephen E. Russek, Elizabeth Mirowski
Abstract
PURPOSE: , and ADC, of tissue-mimicking materials in MRI phantoms can exhibit temperature dependence, and bore temperatures can vary over a 10°C range across different MRI systems. If this variation is not accurately corrected for, the quantitative nature of reference or phantom measurements is irrelevant. Available thermometers require opening the phantoms to probe the temperature, which can introduce contaminants that may affect the stability and accuracy of the phantom. An integrated, MRI-visible thermometer that can be read using typical imaging protocols is needed. THEORY AND METHODS: An MRI-compatible thermometer was designed using liquid crystals (LCs) that exhibit rapid transitions between the LC cholesteric state and isotropic state in the room temperature range spanning 17°C to 23°C in 1.0°C increments. The LC thermometer was assessed visually and using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, NMR, and MRI techniques. RESULTS: The signal generated from the LC thermometer was visible with spin-echo and gradient-echo MRI images. The LC state transition temperatures were visually referenced to a National Institute of Standards and Technology-traceable thermometer, and these LC state transitions were confirmed using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and NMR. CONCLUSIONS: The LC MR-visible thermometer had measurable changes in relative signal with temperature, which were invariant to a variety of imaging sequences used.