Multi-Omic Approaches in Colorectal Cancer beyond Genomic Data
Emilia Sardo, Stefania Napolitano, Carminia Maria Della Corte, Davide Ciardiello, Antonio Raucci, Gianluca Arrichiello, Teresa Troiani, Fortunato Ciardiello, Erika Martinelli, Giulia Martini
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent tumours and one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Its incidence has increased in recent years and could be linked to unhealthy dietary habits combined with environmental and hereditary factors, which can lead to genetic and epigenetic changes and induce tumour development. The model of CRC progression has always been based on a genomic, parametric, static and complex approach involving oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Recent advances in omics sciences have sought a paradigm shift to a multiparametric, immunological-stromal, and dynamic approach for a better understanding of carcinogenesis and tumour heterogeneity. In the present paper, we review the most important preclinical and clinical data and present recent discoveries in the field of transcriptomics, proteomics, metagenomics and radiomics in CRC disease.