Dynamic interactions and intracellular fate of label-free, thin graphene oxide sheets within mammalian cells: role of lateral sheet size
Yingxian Chen, Jack Rivers‐Auty, Livia Elena Crică, Katie Barr, Vinicio Rosano, Adrián Esteban-Arranz, Thomas Loret, David G. Spiller, Cyrill Bussy, Kostas Kostarelos, Sandra Vranic
Abstract
clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Importantly, we report the shift from macropinocytosis to clathrin-dependent endocytosis in the uptake of s-GO at 24 h, mediated by upregulation of mTORC1/2 pathway. Finally, we show that both s-GO and us-GO terminate in lysosomal compartments for up to 48 h. Our results offer an insight into the mechanism of interaction of GO with non-phagocytic cell lines over time that can be exploited for the design of biomedically-applicable 2D transport systems.
Topics & Concepts
GrapheneIntracellularOxideMaterials scienceBiophysicsNanotechnologyCell biologyBiologyMetallurgyGraphene and Nanomaterials ApplicationsNanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryGraphene research and applications