High‐Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Marine Science: From Material Design, Intelligent Structures to System Integration
Liqiang Liu, Jingxiang Xu, Wending Zuo, Jinda Lin, Walid A. Daoud, Tao Jiang, Zhong Lin Wang, Xiya Yang
Abstract
ABSTRACT The escalating global energy crisis and carbon neutrality imperative underscore the critical need for efficient ocean wave energy harvesting. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as a transformative technology, can harness low‐frequency, multidirectional wave energy and overcome the limitations of traditional electromagnetic generators, thus attracting widespread attention. This review systematically analyzes high‐output marine TENGs, focusing on material engineering for charge/resilience, structural optimization for wave adaptation, charge regulation and power management for stable output, hybridization strategies for broadband harvesting, and existing challenges in deployment in marine environments. By addressing these five dimensions, this review offers a concise yet comprehensive overview of strategies driving the development of high‐performance marine TENG systems. Furthermore, it provides a forward‐looking perspective, outlining a research trajectory across material‐, device‐, and system‐level innovations aimed at bridging fundamental mechanisms with full‐scale ocean deployment. Key future directions include deciphering atomic‐scale charge dynamics under extreme marine conditions, developing Artificial Intelligence‐guided designs for hybrid and robust devices, and implementing intelligent, sustainable ocean networks for the blue economy. This work establishes that TENGs offer unparalleled advantages for sustainable marine autonomy, powering distributed sensor networks and blue economy infrastructure, while mapping out pathways to overcome scalability, deep‐sea deployment, and commercialization challenges.