Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease study 2021
Tissa Wijeratne, Jiyeon Oh, Soeun Kim, Yesol Yim, Min Seo Kim, Jae Il Shin, Yun‐Seo Oh, Raon Jung, Yun Seo Kim, Lee Smith, Hasan Aalruz, Rami Abd‐Rabu, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Meysam Abolmaali, Dariush Abtahi, Ahmed Abualhasan, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Fatemeh Afrashteh, Navidha Aggarwal, Danish Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Negar Sadat Ahmadi, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Syed Anees Ahmed, Salah Al Awaidy, Sawsan Alabbad, Muaaz Alajlani, Yazan A. Al‐Ajlouni, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Joseph Uy Almazan, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Awais Altaf, Mohammad Al‐Wardat, Karem H. Alzoubi, Sohrab Amiri, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, David Anderson, Saleha Anwar, Demelash Areda, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Sait Ashina, Javed Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Ali Azargoonjahromi, Yogesh Bahurupi, Atif Amin Baig, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Mainak Bardhan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Azadeh Bashiri, Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan, Maryam Bemanalizadeh, Isabela M. Benseñor, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Cem Bilgin, Atanu Biswas, Bruno Bizzozero‐Peroni, Yasser Bustanji, Luis Alberto Cámera, Edoardo Caronna, André F. Carvalho, Sandip Chakraborty, Patrick R Ching, Nikos Christodoulou, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Hong‐Yuan Chu, Natália Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Emanuele D’Amico, Amira Hamed Darwish, Sindhura Deekonda, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Adriana Dima, Temesgien Ergetie Dinkayehu, Huyen Phuc, Paul Narh Doku, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Abdel Rahman E’mar, Negin Eissazade, Chadi Eltaha, Ayesha Fahim, Jawad Fares, Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani, André Faro, Patrick Fazeli, Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Pietro Ferrara, Nuno Ferreira
Abstract
Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30-44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.