A comprehensive review on MXenes: synthesis, stability, properties and their functionalization for M-ion batteries and supercapacitors
E. S. Sowbakkiyavathi, Preethi Dhandapani, M. Santhosh Neelakandan, G. Murali, Insik In, Seung Jun Lee, Subramania Angaiah
Abstract
in 2011. Since then, MXenes have emerged as a highly promising class of materials for electrochemical energy storage. Their distinctive layered structures and tunable surface terminations provide exceptional properties, including high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and versatile surface chemistry. In particular, MXenes have shown great potential in supercapacitor applications due to their high energy density, excellent rate capability, and long-term cycling stability. This review presents a comprehensive overview of MXene synthesis and exfoliation methods, and highlights their physicochemical properties. In addition, recent advances in their applications to metal-ion (M-ion) batteries and supercapacitors are critically discussed, with emphasis on the structural features and surface functionalities that underpin their superior electrochemical performance. Furthermore, scalable fabrication approaches for producing industry-relevant MXene-based films and composites are examined. Finally, the review highlights current challenges, emerging opportunities, and future research directions in this rapidly evolving field.