Agarose-Based Biomaterials: Opportunities and Challenges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Mohammad Amin Salati, Javad Khazai, Amir Mohammad Tahmuri, Ali Samadi, Ali Taghizadeh, Mohsen Taghizadeh, Payam Zarrintaj, Joshua D. Ramsey, Sajjad Habibzadeh, Farzad Seidi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Masoud Mozafari
Abstract
The lack of adequate blood/lymphatic vessels as well as low-potential articular cartilage regeneration underlines the necessity to search for alternative biomaterials. Owing to their unique features, such as reversible thermogelling behavior and tissue-like mechanical behavior, agarose-based biomaterials have played a key role in cartilage tissue repair. Accordingly, the need for fabricating novel highly efficient injectable agarose-based biomaterials as hydrogels for restoration of injured cartilage tissue has been recognized. In this review, the resources and conspicuous properties of the agarose-based biomaterials were reviewed. First, different types of signals together with their functionalities in the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis were explained. Then, various cellular signaling pathways and their significant role in cartilage tissue engineering were overviewed. Next, the molecular structure and its gelling behavior have been discussed. Eventually, the latest advancements, the lingering challenges, and future ahead of agarose derivatives from the cartilage regeneration perspective have been discussed.