Red ginseng extract enhances mitochondrial function and alleviates immunosenescence in T cells

Abstract

Background Mitochondrial function is essential for immune cell regulation, and its decline is linked to aging and chronic diseases. Impaired activity contributes to inflammation and reduced immunity. This study explores Red ginseng extract (RGE)’s potential in enhancing mitochondrial function and immune cell viability, offering benefits in mitigating immunosenescence. Methods T cells and macrophages from young (12-week-old) and aged (20-month-old) mice were treated with RGE to assess mitochondrial function and cell viability. Flow cytometry evaluated immune cell populations and cytokine expression in splenocytes, while single cell transcriptomics analyzed RGE-induced transcriptional changes in T cells and macrophages. Results RGE treatment improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and glycolytic function in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from both young and old mice, though effects were more pronounced in young cells. In aged mice, RGE administration resulted in higher proportions of naive T cells and reduced expression of senescence and exhaustion markers. Flow cytometry analysis indicated a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in T cells, along with a reduction in IL-17-producing T cells. Single cell transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of aging markers ( Cd28 and Cd27 ) and increased expression of mitochondrial complex genes, supporting RGE’s role in enhancing mitochondrial function. Conclusion RGE treatment enhances mitochondrial function and attenuates T cell senescence and exhaustion in aged immune cells, likely contributing to immune resilience against age-associated inflammation. This study highlights the potential of RGE as a therapeutic intervention for improving immune function and reducing the effects of immunosenescence, offering valuable insights into mitigating age-related immune decline.

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