Development and Application of 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Sensors for Ciprofloxacin Detection
Brunna F. Henriques, Amanda Neumann, Lucas V. Bertolim, Rafaela Cristina de Freitas, Luiz Silva, Jéssica S. Stefano, Bruno C. Janegitz
Abstract
The production of electrochemical devices and systems using additive manufacturing technology, particularly three‐dimensional (3D) printing, has proven to be highly promising. This work reports the development of 3D‐printed electrochemical sensors for the determination of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP). To achieve this, a lab‐made conductive filament composed of carbon black (CB) and polylactic acid (PLA) was produced and utilized in the fabrication of the sensors. Additionally, an electrochemical cell was constructed using a nonconductive filament, resulting in a miniaturized and entirely additively manufactured platform. The characterization of the proposed CB–PLA sensor was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques. The proposed sensor has shown a linear range of 1.0–12.5 µmol L −1 , with a sensitivity of 3.77 µA µmol −1 L, and limits of detection and quantification of 0.3 and 0.9 µmol L −1 for CIP, respectively. Regarding the analysis of the samples (tap water and synthetic urine), it was observed recovery values close to 100% for all samples. Thus, the 3D‐printed electrochemical device presents itself as a high‐potential alternative for CIP drug control, with the possibility of being used in the field and point of care.