Experimental drugs in randomized controlled trials for long-COVID: what’s in the pipeline? A systematic and critical review
Shin Jie Yong, Alice Halim, Michael Halim, Long Chiau Ming, Khang Wen Goh, Mubarak Alfaresi, Bashayer M. AlShehail, Mona A. Al Fares, Mohammed Alissa, Tarek Sulaiman, Zainab Alsalem, Ameen S. S. Alwashmi, Faryal Khamis, Nawal A. Al Kaabi, Hawra Albayat, Ahmed Alsheheri, Mohammed Garout, Jameela Alsalman, Amal H. Alfaraj, Mashael Alhajri, Kuldeep Dhama, Lamees M. Alburaiky, Ahlam H. Alsanad, Abdelmunim T. AlShurbaji, Ali A. Rabaan
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Over three years have passed since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and yet the treatment for long-COVID, a post-COVID-19 syndrome, remains long overdue. Currently, there is no standardized treatment available for long-COVID, primarily due to the lack of funding for post-acute infection syndromes (PAIS). Nevertheless, the past few years have seen a renewed interest in long-COVID research, with billions of dollars allocated for this purpose. As a result, multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been funded in the quest to find an effective treatment for long-COVID. AREAS COVERED: This systematic review identified and evaluated the potential of current drug treatments for long-COVID, examining both completed and ongoing RCTs. EXPERT OPINION: We identified four completed and 22 ongoing RCTs, investigating 22 unique drugs. However, most drugs were deemed to not have high potential for treating long-COVID, according to three pre-specified domains, a testament to the ordeal of treating long-COVID. Given that long-COVID is highly multifaceted with several proposed subtypes, treatments likely need to be tailored accordingly. Currently, rintatolimod appears to have modest to high potential for treating the myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) subtype, LTY-100 and Treamid for pulmonary fibrosis subtype, and metformin for general long-COVID prevention.