Thundercloud Project: Exploring high-energy phenomena in thundercloud and lightning
Takayuki Yuasa, Yuuki Wada, Teruaki Enoto, Yoshihiro Furuta, H. Tsuchiya, Shohei Hisadomi, Yuna Tsuji, Kazufumi Okuda, Takahiro Matsumoto, Kazuhiro Nakazawa, Kazuo Makishima, Shoko Miyake, Yuko Ikkatai
Abstract
Abstract We have designed, developed, and deployed a distributed sensor network to observe high-energy ionizing radiation, primarily gamma rays, from winter thunderclouds and lightning in coastal areas of Japan. Starting in 2015, we have installed a total of more than 15 ground-based detector systems in Ishikawa Prefecture and Niigata Prefecture, and accumulated 551 days of observation time in four winter seasons from late 2015 to early 2019. In this period, our system recorded 51 gamma-ray radiation events from thundercloud and lightning. Highlights of the science results obtained from this unprecedented amount of data include the discovery of photonuclear reaction in lightning which produces neutrons and positrons along with gamma rays, and deeper insights into the life cycle of a particle-acceleration and gamma-ray-emitting region in a thundercloud. The present paper reviews the objective, methodology, and results of our experiment, with an emphasis on its instrumentation.